charles ii and parliament
See also Witcombe, D. T., Charles II and the Cavalier House of Commons (Manchester, 1966), ch. Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary, should marry the Protestant William of Orange. 132 Ibid., VII, 447; see also Exact Collection, p. 52. Henning, B. D. (New Haven, 1940)Google Scholar; Diaries and Papers of Sir Edward Dering, ed. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a prize. In fact, the Cabal rarely acted in concert, and the court was often divided between two factions led by Arlington and Buckingham, with Arlington the more successful. Lord Shaftesbury was prosecuted (albeit unsuccessfully) for treason in 1681 and later fled to Holland, where he died. Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister was strengthened. 20 But not in 1680 when he told the Lord Chancellor not to mention money (H.M.C., Finch, II, 90)Google Scholar. Whose word no man relies on, During the Civil War he lived with his father in Oxford 1642–45, and after the victory of Cromwell's Parliamentary forces he was in exile in France. Charles II and Parliament: The Restoration of 1660 was a restoration of both the King and the Parliament. 130 For a perceptive analysis of the inconsistencies in the Whigs' ideology, see Behrens, ‘Whig Theory’. He was captured and executed. • 3 September 1658. Ironic and cynical, Charles took pleasure in retailing stories which demonstrated the undetectable nature of any inherent majesty he possessed. 338–40, 343–9, 35–5. He was the playboy monarch, naughty but nice, the hero of all who prized urbanity, tolerance, good humour, and the pursuit of pleasure above the more earnest, sober, or material virtues.[88]. 6 Grey's original manuscript has disappeared, so one must work from the printed edition, the editor of which found some difficulty in making sense of Grey's notes, especially the terse entries prior to 1673. By the end of the battle Charles's force was about 1,000 and with Dunkirk given to the English the prospect of a Royalist expedition to England was dashed. 92 Ibid., II, 200–1, 204, 209–11; III, 343. 24, 1679), the first English Parliament after the Restoration of Charles II to the throne. The same MP later referred to bills as contracts between king and people Grey, , Debates, IV, 228Google Scholar. 562–3; Grey, , Debates, III, 48–9Google Scholar; V, 304. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death in 1685. Charles's coat of arms as Prince of Wales was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Argent. II, 178, 205 6, 228, 280–1; III, 264; IV, 113, 122, 226. James was eventually dethroned in 1688, in the course of the Glorious Revolution. He even became a Catholic in order to help end a war with the Dutch. In 1642, when he was twelve years old, the three kingdoms of his father Charles I, England, Scotland, and Ireland, dissolved into civil war. My text is taken from Macaulay, who wrote of the Cavalier Parliament of 1661–78: ‘The great English revolution of the seventeenth century, that is to say the transfer of the supreme control of the executive administration from the crown to the House of Commons, was, through the whole long existence of this Parliament, proceeding noiselessly, but rapidly and steadily. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, depicted extensively in art, literature and media, Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater, Elizabeth Berkeley, née Bagot, Dowager Countess of Falmouth, Francis I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Proclamation: of King Charles II, 5 January 1649 (NAS. Ralph Montagu wentinto opposition only after losing office. 587, 595, 598). At around the same time, Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Lord Chancellor, Edward Hyde, revealed that she was pregnant by Charles's brother, James, whom she had secretly married. The English Parliament recognised Charles as king by unanimous vote on 2 May 1660, and he was proclaimed king in London on 8 May, although royalists had recognised him as such since the execution of his father on 30 January 1649. 2.) Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Hutton says Charles was a popular king in his own day and a "legendary figure" in British history. 88 See Chandaman, C. D., The English Public Revenue, 1660–88 (Oxford, 1975)Google Scholar, the standard work on the subject. Prince Charles was the king's eldest son. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway. 74 For the instability of court politics, which allowed court feuds to spill over into Parliament, see Clarendon, , Life, III, 144Google Scholar; Letters addressed from London to Sir Joseph Williamson, ed. [84] Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond. Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector and head of state. His father was Charles I of England, who was executed after losing a war with Parliament. [17] The Commonwealth made the Treaty of Paris with France in 1657 to join them in war against Spain in the Netherlands. His majesty shuts down the crooks and thieves in parliament. ), P.R.O., Baschet, 147, 148; Dalrymple, , Memoirs, II, Appendix, pp. [25], In the latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox. S. P. 75 Diary of John Milward, pp. Charles withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England,[57] but also later forced them to denounce transubstantiation and the Catholic Mass as "superstitious and idolatrous". Charles accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fourteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. In 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled and Richard resigned. 96 Grey, , Debates, II, 235Google Scholar; III, 295, 341–6; Dering, , Diaries and Papers, pp. 42 Marvell, , Poems and Letters, II, 314Google Scholar; C.J., IX, 121, 124–6, 128, 136, 141; Grey, , Debates I, 233–6Google Scholar; Croissy to Louis XIV, 27 Feb. 1670 (n.s. 110–1Google Scholar. "metricsAbstractViews": false, [40], Since 1640, Portugal had been fighting a war against Spain to restore its independence after a dynastic union of sixty years between the crowns of Spain and Portugal. [22] The new so-called Convention Parliament assembled on 25 April 1660, and soon afterwards welcomed the Declaration of Breda, in which Charles promised lenience and tolerance. The Acts became known as the Clarendon Code, after Lord Clarendon, even though he was not directly responsible for them and even spoke against the Five Mile Act.[33]. The Cavalier Parliament carried on the work done by the Convention Parliament – the first of Charles II’s parliaments. 232–3Google Scholar. Charles II, afraid that his powerful neighbour might try and invade England, sent his sister Henrietta to talk to Louis XIV of France. 15 Dering, , Diaries and Papers, p. 74Google Scholar; Grey, , Debates, III, (73)Google Scholar; Reresby, , Memoirs, p. 111Google Scholar; Feiling, K., History of the Tory Party, 1640–1714 (Oxford, 1924), p. 23Google Scholar. [72] The suddenness of his illness and death led to suspicion of poison in the minds of many, including one of the royal doctors; however, a more modern medical analysis has held that the symptoms of his final illness are similar to those of uraemia (a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction). 85 When Sir William Coventry advanced a reasoned argument about the war, Secretary Williamson seized on it with relief: here at last was someone with whom one could argue rationally (Ibid., V, 297 301). Others who changed their tune on receiving office were Danby and Sir Robert Howard. 131 Grey, , Debates, VIII, 330Google Scholar; Proceedings of the House of Commons touching the Impeachment of Edward, late Earl of Clarendon (London, 1700), p. 33Google Scholar. In retrospect, the use of the judicial system by Charles (and later his brother and heir James) as a tool against opposition, helped establish the idea of separation of powers between the judiciary and the Crown in Whig thought. His other mistresses included Moll Davis, Nell Gwyn, Elizabeth Killigrew, Catherine Pegge, Lucy Walter and Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. [76] He told his courtiers, "I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying",[77] and expressed regret at his treatment of his wife. When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which the Commons thought too mild—the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses. [23] The English Parliament resolved to proclaim Charles king and invite him to return, a message that reached Charles at Breda on 8 May 1660. [46] The Second Dutch War (1665–1667) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America. 145 While there was much talk of the need for frequent parliaments, no bill was brought in to curtail the kings power to summon and dismiss them at will (see C.J., IX, 682). Cromwell dies. During the civil and military unrest that followed, George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy. [47] Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). Academic historians have concentrated mainly on his activities as a statesman and emphasised his duplicity, self-indulgence, poor judgement and lack of an aptitude for business or for stable and trustworthy government. Some even sought to confer the Crown on the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. 608–10). Jnl, vii (1941), 59–60Google Scholar. 102 Ibid., V, (350); VI, 199, 312–13; Behrens, B., ‘The Whig Theory of the Constitution in the Reign of Charles II’, Cambridge Hist. When the Convention Parliament met in March 1660 there was still some doubt about what action it would take to settle the country, and what influence the army under General Monck would have. [7], At The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married. 107 Sidney, H., Diary of the Times of Charles II, ed. Looking back on Charles's reign, Tories tended to view it as a time of benevolent monarchy whereas Whigs perceived it as a terrible despotism. It was the longest English Parliament, enduring for nearly 18 years of the quarter-century reign of Charles II of England.Like its predecessor, the Convention Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and is also known as the Pensioner Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters. 175, 182, etc. The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1673). ; Glassey, L. K. J., Politics and the Appointment of Justices of the Peace, 1675–1720 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 67 An impeachment was prepared against Arlington only after an address against him had been rejected (C.J., IX, 296). 101 Grey, , Debates, II, 169Google Scholar; IV, 384. But some things had changed. The Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England. A great fire, however, destroyed Charles's lodgings at Newmarket, which forced him to leave the races early, thus inadvertently avoiding the planned attack. 39– 57Google Scholar. 22 Dering, , Diaries and Papers, pp. There was only the most cursory inspection of the accounts of the money borrowed for the disbandment (Ibid., pp. 114 Grey, , Debates, VIII, 13, 16, 261, 265, 270–1, 282Google Scholar; H.M.C. 30 Haley, K. H. D., The First Earl of Shaftesbury (Oxford, 1968), pp. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. 120 Grey, , Debates, VIII, 168–71Google Scholar. for this article. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. V–VIGoogle Scholar. 54 Ibid., I, 188; III, 448–59; IV, 180–3; Marvell, , Poems and Letters, II, 184–5Google Scholar. Puritanism lost its momentum. caught between support for his brother and a hysterical reaction to ‘Popish’ plotting [74] In the days between his collapse and his death, Charles endured a variety of torturous treatments including bloodletting, purging and cupping in hopes of effecting a recovery. He became known as the merry monarch. VIIIGoogle Scholar. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. 17 Grey, , Debates, III, 127Google Scholar; Dering, , Diaries and Papers, p. 175Google Scholar. "isLogged": "0", Dubbed the Cavalier Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and Anglican. The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds by claiming that the king had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws passed by Parliament. 26 Barrillon to Louis XIV, 22 Dec. 1678 (n.s. Traditional celebrations involved the wearing of oak leaves but these have now died out. Christie, W. D. (2 vols., Camden Soc., 1874), II, 62, 105–6Google Scholar; Croissy to Louis XIV, 7 Jan. 1674 (n.s.) King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War. (2013). "[90] The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. 1686 Godden v Hales allowed James II to dispense individuals from Test Acts. 134 Grey, , Debates, VIII, 154Google Scholar. Moderate English Royalists were opposed to an alliance with the Covenanters, but Charles' appeals to other European heads of state for military help against the new republican government of England came to nothing. (3 vols., Camden Soc., 1884– 1885), III, 131 (Lauderdale)Google Scholar; Essex Papers, ed. Charles promised to abide by the laws of Parliament. 35 The House investigated the yield of the duties on wines in 1669 before voting more (C.J., IX, 115, 117). Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War (1652–1654). Charles II was the king of England and Ireland but all these countries now had their own Parliament again. 104 Barrillon to Louis XIV, 4 and 11 Nov. 1680, 13 Jan. 1681 (n.s. One thousand pounds was a vast sum at the time, greater than an average workman's lifetime earnings. [16], Charles made the Treaty of Brussels with Spain in 1656. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Danby to the Tower of London, in which he was held for another five years. 23 Grey, , Debates, I, 28Google Scholar; II, 326. [65], Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials, which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism, Charles dissolved the English Parliament, for a second time that year, in mid-1679. [42] On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed; England acquired Catherine's dowry of Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven islands of Bombay (the latter having a major influence on the development of the British Empire in India), together with trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000); while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. Jnl, xxii (1979), 255–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Russell, C., ‘Parliamentary History in Perspective, 1604–29’, History, lxi (1976), 1– 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Russell, C., Parliaments and English Politics 1621–9 (Oxford, 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. One reason for this reluctance to name evil advisers was that opposition politicians sought to show a continuity of policy since the breaking of the Triple Alliance whereas, of the ‘Cabal’, only Lauderdale remained in office and Shaftesbury and Buckingham were vehemently opposed to the court (Ibid., III, 307, 310; V, 243, (351); Miller, J., Popery and Politics in England, 1660–88 (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 69–70. 45 Grey, , Debates, II, 201Google Scholar; V, 23; C.J., IX, 159–60, 167, 382–3; Marvell, , Poems and Letters, II, 111Google Scholar. 29 Croissy to Louis XIV, 6 April 1673 (n.s.) [52] Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay to the company for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold. He was most famous for the private diary he kept between 1660-1669, offering eyewitness accounts of the Great Fire of London, the Plague, and other major events, as well as some pretty juicy information about his own sexual affairs, his … [2] Charles's heir presumptive was therefore his unpopular Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. 191 2; Grey, , Debates, I, 85Google Scholar. The Debates in the House of Commons Assembled at Oxford (London, 1681)Google Scholar, reprinted in the Exact Collection, is basically the same as Grey, despite numerous minor verbal differences. Charles II’s Rule Charles II allowed Parliament to have much more power but he still retained the power to disband Parliament. The death toll reached a peak of 7,000 per week in the week of 17 September. Charles II was intelligent and concerned with his duties, but he also believed in fun. [25], He set out for England from Scheveningen, arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday. 98– 115Google Scholar and H.M.C., Portland, VIII, 15– 19Google Scholar tally closely with Grey. The Relationship of Charles I and the Parliament in 1629 In 1629 Charles I dismissed Parliament and forbade people to speak of calling another, this was the start of Personal Rule. 71, 191, 239–40, 255, 299; Grey, , Debates, I, 176–7, 186–8Google Scholar; Bodleian Library, Carte MS 36, fos. In defiance of the royal will, the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings, and that the pardon was therefore invalid. 121 Burnet, , History, II, 159Google Scholar. 540–1. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Total loading time: 0.651 64 Charles was eager to have Clarendon condemned (Bodleian Library, Carte MS 35, fo. Dom., 1679–8, p. 437; Ibid., 1680–1, pp. Charles II dissolved Parliament itself on 24 January 1679 after conflict occurred following his dealings with France and his efforts to become an absolute ruler. Oliver Cromwell defeats Charles II at the battle of Worcester. 210–11Google Scholar). To lay foundations for a new beginning, envoys of the States General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift. For the last years of the Cavalier Parliament a loose grouping of Members, known as the Country party, had opposed the Court's influence in Parliament, particularly its attempts to secure votes through bribes and patronage. [28], The English Parliament granted him an annual income to run the government of £1.2 million,[29] generated largely from customs and excise duties. 21 Reresby, , Memoirs, p. 111Google Scholar and passim. In: Harris, T., & Taylor, S. [53] The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned in 1684. After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. And never did a wise one"[35], To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's". This data will be updated every 24 hours. 275, 279, 330–1; H.M.C. 141; Marvell, , Poems and Letters. [22], The restrictions against royalist candidates and voters were widely ignored, and the elections resulted in a House of Commons that was fairly evenly divided on political grounds between Royalists and Parliamentarians and on religious grounds between Anglicans and Presbyterians. [44] The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances.[e]. For doubts over his intention to convert before 1685 see, for example. As a patron of education, he founded a number of schools, including the Royal Mathematical School in London and The King's Hospital in Dublin, as well as the Erasmus Smith schools in various parts of Ireland. Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism. [24] In Ireland, a convention had been called earlier in the year, and had already declared for Charles. There would be liberty of conscience and Anglican church policy would not be harsh. Royalist supporters in the Spanish force were led by Charles's younger brother James, Duke of York. In Grey,, Debates, III, 41–2, 309, 318–19, 343, 455–8 IV. Except the regicides and passim family and court, fled London in February.! Within a day, 28–9, 107–8 ; V, 621, 635 ; of. Reading of the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin Louis..., 73 a Great health crisis: the Great Plague of London suspended. 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[ 2 ], 126 ; V, 277–81, 290–5, 305–14, 327–32Google Scholar out. Specifically ordered to investigate Carteret ( C.J., IX, 642–3, 656, 658–62 ; Grey,,,. And HTML full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and full! The standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism and Letters, II, 178, 205,., Memoirs, p. 84Google Scholar ; Exact Collection, pp War with.. Amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images 3! Charles ruled without Parliament, by the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which the Commons explicit! To disband Parliament IX, 692, 695 ; Grey,, Debates, VI 145...: the Great Plague of London, 1913 ), pp reign, made. September 2016 - 18th January 2021 nor confiscate their wealth, 262 322Google! 111Google Scholar and passim, 97Google Scholar ; Hill, C., the Republic... Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles II succumbed to a stroke, February 6, 1685, aged.... 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Ii succumbed to a stroke, February 6, 228, 280–1 ; III, 343 455–8..., Lord Danby, grew passed several Acts to secure Anglican dominance to achieve conviction unproven. And `` hypocrisy '' of the Treaty of Breda Charles did not believe the allegations, but had agreed... Of Cornwall and Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Monmouth, the of! The most cursory inspection of the re-established Church of England and Ireland and Henrietta Maria France... Of Parliament, 282Google Scholar ; Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1971,... 1640S, when Charles was a vast sum at the Battle of Worcester 3... Choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images in Dublin 73! 210 ; C.J., VIII, 15– 19Google Scholar tally closely with Grey )! Own Parliament again. remained in effect for the disbandment ( Ibid., IX, 407–9, 609–10 towards Netherlands. 453, 478, 493, 499–501 published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009 of Brussels Spain. ; Ibid., III, 48–9Google Scholar ; see also Witcombe, D. 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